Correlation Is Not Causation
Why correlations can lie about cause and effect, how confounding and reverse causation work, and how scientists can still learn about causes when experiments are impossible.
COLLECTION
Psychology Models & Methods
How Psychology Knows
Enter the machinery behind psychological knowledge: why correlation can mislead without making observational research useless, what the replication crisis actually changed, what placebo research reveals about expectation and measurement, and why competing models can disagree without making psychology meaningless.
4 Articles
1 Explained · 2 Deep Dive · 1 Question & Debate
Articles in this Collection
What the Replication Crisis Changed
What the psychology replication crisis actually found, why the famous 36% number is easy to misuse, and how open science changed the rules of research.
Placebo, Expectation and Meaning
What placebo effects really are, why placebo-group improvement is easy to misread, and what open-label placebo research reveals about expectation and clinical trials.
Why Psychology Models Disagree
Why psychological theories can explain the same behavior differently, what the theory crisis really means, and how to compare models without turning science into tribes.